Global Cybersecurity Market Research Report: Forecast (2026-2032)

By Offering (Solution ( Standalone Hardware,  Software Solution), Services (Professional Services (Design, Consulting & implementation, Risk & Threat Management, Training & Educati......tion, Support & Maintenance), Managed Services)), By  By Solution Type (Identity & Access Management (IAM), Antivirus/Antimalware, Log Management & SIEM, Firewall, Encryption & Tokenization, Compliance & Policy Management, Patch Management, Others), By  By Deployment mode (On-premises, Cloud, Hybrid Cloud), By Organization size (Large Enterprises, SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises)), By Security Type (Network Security, Cloud Security, Endpoint & IoT Security, Application Security, Others), By Vertical (Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI), Government, Healthcare & Life Sciences, Aerospace & Defense, Manufacturing, IT & ITeS, Education, Retail & Ecommerce, Energy & Utilities, Telecommunications, Transportation & Logistics, Media & Entertainment, Others (Education, Construction, Travel & Hospitality)), and others Read more

  • ICT & Electronics
  • Jun 2026
  • 340
  • PDF, Excel, PPT

Cybersecurity Market Key Takeaways

  • The cybersecurity market size was valued at USD 248 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 271 billion in 2026 to USD 411 billion by 2032.
  • The industry is projected to reflect sustained growth at a steady CAGR of 7.19% during 2026-2032.
  • North America holds the largest share of about 36% in 2026.
  • By security type, the cloud security accounts for approximately 33% of the industry revenue.
  • In 2026, the solutions segment accounts for approximately 68% of the industry, making it the largest revenue contributor among all solution types.
  • The industry is highly fragmented. However, the top five players collectively account for nearly 10% share.

Cybersecurity Market Size and Outlook

The global cybersecurity market size was valued at USD 248 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 271 billion in 2026 to USD 411 billion by 2032. Along with this, the market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of around 7.19% during the forecast period, i.e., 2026-32, due to rising cyber threats, growing digital dependence, and stricter regulatory frameworks across industries. The FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reported over USD 12.5 billion in cybercrime losses in 2023, reflecting the increasing financial impact of ransomware, phishing, and business email compromise attacks on organizations worldwide.

In parallel, cybersecurity investment trends continue to show strong momentum, with global spending expected to surpass USD 213 billion in 2025, compared to USD 193 billion in 2024. This growth is being driven by escalating ransomware incidents, accelerated cloud adoption, and increasing compliance requirements across sectors. At the same time, cyberattacks are rising in scale and frequency globally, with millions of incidents reported annually across major economies. India alone recorded over 265 million cyberattacks in 2025, highlighting the severity of cyber risks in fast-growing digital markets.

Additionally, governments and enterprises are increasingly prioritizing cybersecurity as a strategic investment rather than a reactive cost center. Organizations are strengthening their security postures by integrating advanced monitoring systems, improving incident response capabilities, and aligning with global security standards to reduce operational and financial risks associated with cyber incidents.

The threat landscape is also becoming more complex due to rapid technological advancement. The Microsoft Digital Defense Report states that Microsoft processes over 100 trillion security signals daily, along with millions of malware detections, demonstrating both the scale and sophistication of modern cyber threats. Attackers are increasingly exploiting cloud environments, identity systems, and supply chain vulnerabilities, making cybersecurity essential for ensuring business continuity and operational resilience.

Overall, the cybersecurity outlook remains highly positive, driven by persistent threat escalation, expanding regulatory oversight, and rapid adoption of advanced security technologies such as AI-based threat detection, endpoint protection, and zero-trust architecture.

Cybersecurity Market Key Indicators

  • According to the 2026 Data Center Global Outlook, spending by six US hyperscalers Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Oracle, Meta, and CoreWeave hit nearly USD 400 billion in 2025, expected to grow by another USD 200 billion over the next two years, with at least USD 3 trillion in global data center investment projected over the next five years to keep pace with AI-driven capacity growth. Each new facility demands embedded cybersecurity architecture across networks, physical access, and operational systems making the data center buildout one of the most direct and measurable structural drivers of global cybersecurity demand.
  • Cloud adoption and digital transformation are driving the cybersecurity industry as organizations increasingly move critical data and applications to cloud environments. According to EC-Council University, hybrid and multi-cloud adoption is expanding organizational attack surfaces and increasing exposure to cyber threats. Thales' 2024 Cloud Security Study found that 44% of organizations experienced a cloud data breach, while 47% of cloud-stored corporate data is sensitive. These growing risks are accelerating demand for cloud security, identity management, and endpoint protection solutions.
  • Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) is driving the cybersecurity market by making ransomware attacks easier to launch and scale. Unlike traditional cyberattacks, RaaS allows criminals to rent ransomware tools and infrastructure, lowering entry barriers and increasing attack frequency. According to the FBI, ransomware remained the most pervasive threat to U.S. critical infrastructure in 2024, with complaints rising 9% year-over-year. As organizations face growing risks of operational disruption and financial losses, they are increasing investments in threat detection, endpoint security, backup, and incident-response solutions.
  • According to Statista, global IoT connections are projected to increase from 19.8 billion in 2025 to 40.6 billion by 2034. At the industrial level, InHand Networks reports that the Industrial IoT market is expected to grow from USD 194.4 billion in 2024 to USD 286.3 billion by 2029, with 152 million industrial IoT devices anticipated by 2025. This increasing connectivity is driving demand for IoT security, network protection, and threat monitoring solutions.

Cybersecurity Market Scope:

 Category  Segments
By Offering Solution ( Standalone Hardware,  Software Solution), Services (Professional Services (Design, Consulting & implementation, Risk & Threat Management, Training & Education, Support & Maintenance), Managed Services
By Solution Type Identity & Access Management (IAM), Antivirus/Antimalware, Log Management & SIEM, Firewall, Encryption & Tokenization, Compliance & Policy Management, Patch Management, Others
By Deployment mode On-premises, Cloud, Hybrid Cloud
By Organization size Large Enterprises, SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises
By Security Type Network Security, Cloud Security, Endpoint & IoT Security, Application Security, Others
By Vertical Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI), Government, Healthcare & Life Sciences, Aerospace & Defense, Manufacturing, IT & ITeS, Education, Retail & Ecommerce, Energy & Utilities, Telecommunications, Transportation & Logistics, Media & Entertainment, Others (Education, Construction, Travel & Hospitality

Cybersecurity Market Growth Drivers

Rising Cybercrime Incidents and Financial Losses Driving Cybersecurity Market Growth

The rapid rise in cyberattacks and data breaches has become a major driver of the global cybersecurity industry. In 2024, the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center received 859,532 complaints of cyber-enabled crimes, resulting in over USD 16.6 billion in reported losses, a 33% increase compared to 2023. The same report highlights phishing, extortion, and personal data breaches as the most frequent attack types, reflecting growing exploitation of digital ecosystems and weak security controls.

Cybercrime is also becoming more financially damaging. Investment fraud and cryptocurrency related scams alone accounted for more than USD 6.5 billion in losses in 2024, showing how attackers increasingly target high-value digital assets. Government agencies also note that ransomware continues to disrupt critical infrastructure sectors, further increasing operational and recovery costs for organizations.

Going forward, cybersecurity demand is expected to rise as governments expand mandatory breach reporting rules and strengthen enforcement-led cybersecurity regulation, as highlighted in Reuters coverage of increasing U.S. federal focus on compliance and national cyber defense. Authorities are also reinforcing protection of critical infrastructure through coordinated strategies and higher regulatory oversight. Investments in advanced incident-response frameworks and AI-based threat intelligence systems are expected to grow beyond 2025, accelerating enterprise adoption of cybersecurity solutions and improving real-time threat detection and response capabilities.

Consequently, the sharp and continuous rise in cyberattacks is directly increasing financial losses and operational risks, forcing organizations and governments to invest heavily in cybersecurity solutions. This sustained threat escalation will significantly accelerate global cybersecurity industry growth in the coming years.

  1. Market Segmentation
  2. Introduction
    1. Market Definition
    2. Research Process
    3. Assumption
  3. Executive Summary
  4. Global Cybersecurity Market Patent Outlook
  5. Global Cybersecurity Market Start-Up Ecosystem
    1. Entrepreneurial Activity
    2. Funding Received by Top Companies
    3. Key Investors Active in The Market
    4. Series-wise Funding Received
      1. Seed Funding
      2. Angel Investing
      3. Venture Capitalists (VC) Funding
      4. Others
  6. Global Cybersecurity Market Trends & Insights
  7. Global Cybersecurity Market Dynamics
    1. Growth Drivers
    2. Challenges
  8. Global Cybersecurity Market Hotspot & Opportunities
  9. Global Cybersecurity Market Regulation & Policy
  10. Global Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
    1. Market Size & Outlook
      1. By Revenues (USD Million)
    2. Market Share & Outlook
      1. By Offering
        1. Solution
          1.  Standalone Hardware
          2.  Software Solution
        2. Services
          1. Professional Services
            1. Design, Consulting & implementation
            2. Risk & Threat Management
            3. Training & Education
            4. Support & Maintenance
          2. Managed Services
      2.  By Solution Type
        1. Identity & Access Management (IAM)
        2. Antivirus/Antimalware
        3. Log Management & SIEM
        4. Firewall
        5. Encryption & Tokenization
        6. Compliance & Policy Management
        7. Patch Management
        8. Others
      3.  By Deployment mode
        1. On-premises
        2. Cloud
        3. Hybrid Cloud
      4. By Organization size
        1. Large Enterprises
        2. SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises)
      5. By Security Type
        1. Network Security
        2. Cloud Security
        3. Endpoint & IoT Security
        4. Application Security
        5. Others
      6. By Vertical
        1. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
        2. Government
        3. Healthcare & Life Sciences
        4. Aerospace & Defense
        5. Manufacturing
        6. IT & ITeS
        7. Education
        8. Retail & Ecommerce
        9. Energy & Utilities
        10. Telecommunications
        11. Transportation & Logistics
        12. Media & Entertainment
        13. Others (Education, Construction, Travel & Hospitality)
      7. By Region
        1. North America
        2. South America
        3. Europe
        4. The Middle East & Africa
        5. Asia-Pacific
      8. By Company
        1. Competition Characteristics
        2. Revenue Shares
  11. North America Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
    1. Market Size & Outlook
      1. By Revenues (USD Million)
    2. Market Share & Outlook
      1. By Offering
      2. By Solution Type
      3. By Deployment mode
      4. By Organization size
      5. By Security Type
      6. By Vertical
      7. By Country
        1. The US
        2. Canada
        3. Mexico
    3. The US Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    4. Canada Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    5. Mexico Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
  12. South America Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
    1. Market Size & Outlook
      1. By Revenues (USD Million)
    2. Market Share & Outlook
      1. By Offering
      2. By Solution Type
      3. By Deployment mode
      4. By Organization size
      5. By Security Type
      6. By Vertical
      7. By Country
        1. Brazil
        2. Argentina
        3. Colombia
        4. Rest of South America
    3. Brazil Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    4. Argentina Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    5. Colombia Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
  13. Europe Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
    1. Market Size & Outlook
      1. By Revenues (USD Million)
    2. Market Share & Outlook
      1. By Offering
      2. By Solution Type
      3. By Deployment mode
      4. By Organization size
      5. By Security Type
      6. By Vertical
      7. By Country
        1. The UK
        2. Germany
        3. France
        4. Italy
        5. Spain
        6. The Netherlands
        7. Belgium
        8. Rest of Europe
    3. The UK Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    4. Germany Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    5. France Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    6. Italy Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    7. Spain Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    8. The Netherlands Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    9. Belgium Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
  14. The Middle East & Africa Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
    1. Market Size & Outlook
      1. By Revenues (USD Million)
    2. Market Share & Outlook
      1. By Offering
      2. By Solution Type
      3. By Deployment mode
      4. By Organization size
      5. By Security Type
      6. By Vertical
      7. By Country
        1. Saudi Arabia
        2. The UAE
        3. South Africa
        4. Egypt
        5. Nigeria
        6. Qatar
        7. Rest of The Middle East & Africa
    3. Saudi Arabia Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    4. The UAE Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    5. South Africa Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    6. Egypt Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    7. Nigeria Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    8. Qatar Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
  15. Asia-Pacific Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
    1. Market Size & Outlook
      1. By Revenues (USD Million)
    2. Market Share & Outlook
      1. By Offering
      2. By Solution Type
      3. By Deployment mode
      4. By Organization size
      5. By Security Type
      6. By Vertical
      7. By Country
        1. China
        2. Japan
        3. South Korea
        4. India
        5. Australia
        6. South East Asia
        7. Rest of Asia-Pacific
    3. China Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    4. Japan Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Security Type
        3. By Vertical
    5. South Korea Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    6. India Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    7. Australia Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
    8. South East Asia Cybersecurity Market Outlook, 2022-2032F
      1. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Revenues (USD Million)
      2. Market Size & Outlook
        1. By Offering
        2. By Solution Type
        3. By Deployment Type
        4. By Organization Size
        5. By Security Type
        6. By Vertical
  16. Global Cybersecurity Market Key Strategic Imperatives for Success & Growth
  17. Competitive Outlook
    1. Company Profiles
      1. IBM
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      2. CISCO
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      3. Microsoft
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      4. Palo Alto Networks
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      5. Fortinet
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      6. Check Point Software Technologies
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      7. Broadcom
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      8. Amazon Web Services
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      9. CrowdStrike
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      10. Open Text
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      11. Trend Micro
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      12.  Oracle
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      13. Accenture
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      14. Google Cloud
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      15. ZScaler
        1. Business Description
        2. Product Portfolio
        3. Strategic Alliances or Partnerships
        4. Recent Developments
        5. Financial Details
        6. Others
      16. Others
  18. Disclaimer


MarkNtel Advisors follows a robust and iterative research methodology designed to ensure maximum accuracy and minimize deviation in market estimates and forecasts. Our approach combines both bottom-up and top-down techniques to effectively segment and quantify various aspects of the market. A consistent feature across all our research reports is data triangulation, which examines the market from three distinct perspectives to validate findings. Key components of our research process include:

1. Scope & Research Design At the outset, MarkNtel Advisors define the research objectives and formulate pertinent questions. This phase involves determining the type of research—qualitative or quantitative—and designing a methodology that outlines data collection methods, target demographics, and analytical tools. They also establish timelines and budgets to ensure the research aligns with client goals.

2. Sample Selection and Data Collection In this stage, the firm identifies the target audience and determines the appropriate sample size to ensure representativeness. They employ various sampling methods, such as random or stratified sampling, based on the research objectives. Data collection is carried out using tools like surveys, interviews, and observations, ensuring the gathered data is reliable and relevant.

3. Data Analysis and Validation Once data is collected, MarkNtel Advisors undertake a rigorous analysis process. This includes cleaning the data to remove inconsistencies, employing statistical software for quantitative analysis, and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Validation steps are taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings, minimizing biases and errors.

Data Trangulation

4. Data Forecast and FinalizationThe final phase involves forecasting future market trends based on the analyzed data. MarkNtel Advisors utilize predictive modeling and time series analysis to anticipate market behaviors. The insights are then compiled into comprehensive reports, featuring visual aids like charts and graphs, and include strategic recommendations to inform client decision-making

FILL THE FORM TO GET THE FREE SAMPLE PAGES

Your data is 100% confidential & secure