Kenya HVAC Market Research Report: Forecast (2025-2030)

Name: Kenya HVAC Market Research Report: Forecast (2025-2030)
Creator: MarkNtel Advisors
License: https://www.marknteladvisors.com/privacy-policy

Kenya HVAC Market - By Equipment Type (Cooling Equipment, (Unitary Air Conditioners, VRF Systems, Chillers, Room Air Conditioners), (Window AC, Split AC, Floor Standing AC, Cassett...e AC, Packaged AC), Coolers, Cooling Towers, (Heating Equipment, (Heat Pumps, Furnaces,, Unitary Heaters Boilers), Ventilation Equipment, (Air-Handling Units, Air Filters, Dehumidifiers, Ventilation Fans, Humidifiers, Air Purifiers), By Implementation Type (Construction, Retrofit), By Demand Type (OEM, Aftermarket), By End User (Commercial, Residential, Industrial, Healthcare, Airports, Logistics, Others), By Sales Channel (Direct Sales, Authorized Dealers & Distributors, Online), and Others Read more

Environment
May 2025
Pages 111
Report Format: PDF, Excel, PPT

Get Actionable Insights for Smarter Decisions: Regional and country reports in one place pick a location for insights and Trends.

Market Insights & Analysis: Kenya HVAC Market (2025-2030):

The Kenya HVAC Market size was valued at around USD 148 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 219 million by 2030. The market is also estimated to grow at a CAGR of around 6.82% during the forecast period, i.e., 2025-30. The rapid urbanization and infrastructure development are increasing the need for these systems in residential, commercial & industrial sectors. Also, the hot climate of Kenya necessitates effective cooling solutions, which is another growth factor for the market. Moreover, growth in the tourism and hospitality sector is driving HVAC installations in hotels and resorts. Apart from this, numerous government policies are encouraging the adoption of sustainable & energy-efficient HVAC technologies in Kenya.

The market demand is boosted by the tourism growth in Kenya through increasing activity in the hospitality sector. Increased by 15% from 2023, the country recorded 2.4 million tourist arrivals in 2024. It has further resulted in the rise of hotel occupancy by 12% from 4.62 million in 2023 to 5.17 million in 2024. This has led to an increasing number of new hotel constructions and the expansion of current hotels to meet the growing need for accommodation. For instance, the launch of JW Marriott and Pullman Hotel in 2024 in Nairobi has added hundreds of new rooms containing HVAC systems. This creates the requirement for HVAC systems to meet the international standards and provide a cool infrastructure to the guests. Hence, the market will continue to grow during the forecast period.

Report Coverage	Details
Historical Years	2020–23
Forecast Years	2025–30
Market Value in 2024	USD 148 Million
Market Value by 2030	USD 219 Million
CAGR (2025–30)	6.82%
Top Key Players	Daikin, Trane, LG Electronics, Refnet Air Conditioning Ltd, Cool Kenya, Snow Desert (EA) Limited, Lean Ventures Ltd., Critical Cooling Systems Limited, Skyline Services Limited, Johnson Controls, and others
Segmentation	By Equipment Type (Cooling Equipment, (Unitary Air Conditioners, VRF Systems, Chillers, Room Air Conditioners), (Window AC, Split AC, Floor Standing AC, Cassette AC, Packaged AC), Coolers, Cooling Towers, (Heating Equipment, (Heat Pumps, Furnaces,, Unitary Heaters Boilers), Ventilation Equipment, (Air-Handling Units, Air Filters, Dehumidifiers, Ventilation Fans, Humidifiers, Air Purifiers), By Implementation Type (Construction, Retrofit), By Demand Type (OEM, Aftermarket), By End User (Commercial, Residential, Industrial, Healthcare, Airports, Logistics, Others), By Sales Channel (Direct Sales, Authorized Dealers & Distributors, Online)
Key Report Highlights	Market Dimensions & Projections Pricing Evaluation Recent Strategic Moves by Companies Primary Stakeholders Import/Export Trend Analysis Competitive Landscape Assessment Emerging Opportunities Market Trends and Indicators

*Boost strategic growth with in-depth market analysis - Get a free sample preview today!

Also, the growing demand for modular and customizable HVAC solutions offers a lucrative opportunity for growth in urban commercial developments. They can be used perfectly in diverse applications due to their high scalability & flexibility. For instance, UniCool designs and installs advanced HVAC systems for data centers and server rooms in Kenya by meeting their specific cooling needs. Similarly, M-Cool Electro Engineering Services offers customized HVAC solutions for residential and commercial properties based on client requirements. This further leads to the shift towards flexible systems that can be tailored to meet specific requirements, which opens new growth avenues for the market.

Moreover, various government policies are helping to boost the market growth by promoting energy conservation and sustainable practices. With the target to achieve 3% annual improvement by the end of 2025, the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy 2020 enhances energy efficiency across various sectors. This has created the need for market players to invest in advanced technologies like HVAC, as they use less power while providing the required performance. Moreover, the market expansion is supported directly by the National Cooling Action Plan 2023–2027 as it promotes energy-efficient cooling solutions that also include HVAC systems in residential & commercial buildings.

Additionally, the 2023 Draft National Green Fiscal Incentives Policy Framework proposes measures to incentivize green investments. This includes tax exemptions, subsidies, and concessional loans for energy-efficient technologies like HVAC systems. These incentives help in reducing the financial burden while assisting in the adoption of better technologies. Moreover, the 2024 regulatory changes in Kenya's energy sector introduce open access to transmission and distribution systems that are expected to enhance competition and efficiency. This will indirectly benefit the market by improving the reliability of the power supply essential for HVAC operations. These policies and incentives are intensively supporting the growing market by encouraging consumers and businesses to invest in sustainably efficient cooling solutions.

Kenya HVAC Market Driver:

High Requirement in Residential Sector Driving Market Demand – One of the major drivers of the market growth is the increasing requirement for HVAC systems in Kenya’s residential sector. Cities like Nairobi & Mombasa generate major market demand due to the high temperature above 30°C, necessitating effective climate control in residences. Also, the market demand will continue to rise as 46% of Kenya’s population is expected to be urbanized by 2050. This will lead to approximately 44 million people looking for effective cooling solutions for their homes by that time.

Kenya HVAC Market Insights 2030: Growth, Demand & Industry Analysis

This is also associated with the growing adoption of HVAC systems in residential areas like Syokimau, Kitengela, and Ruiru during the time of construction. For instance, real estate developments by Centum Real Estate and Mi Vida Homes in Kenya provide centralized or split air conditioning systems in their mid to high-end housing units. Also, the usage of these systems has increased during the summers with a rise in household energy consumption patterns. This will continue to drive the market demand during the forecast period.

Kenya HVAC Market Opportunity:

Adoption of Solar Power-Based HVAC Systems Providing Lucrative Opportunity – Adopting solar-powered HVAC systems presents a significant opportunity for market growth. The need for sustainable cooling solutions & the abundance of solar resources in Kenya are driving this opportunity. This can be seen with the rising popularity of Solar DC inverter ACs that offer good cooling while using solar energy. These systems reduce reliance on the national grid by minimizing electricity bills and carbon emissions.

Various businesses have started to capitalize on this growing opportunity. For instance, Companies like SolarSasa have been promoting solar-powered HVAC solutions while highlighting their benefits in commercial spaces. The integration of solar energy with HVACs also aligns with the broader renewable energy goals of Kenya. The demand for solar-powered HVAC systems will expand further to address the growing need for energy-efficient cooling.

Kenya HVAC Market Challenge:

High Initial Cost of Deployment Impending Growth – Large HVAC systems require hefty investments, which pose challenges for market growth. This cost makes it difficult for small and medium businesses to invest in modern HVAC systems. For instance, USD 10,000-50,000 is the cost of variable refrigerant flow systems, and these are suitable for businesses with multiple zones. Similarly, chiller water systems used in large commercial spaces can cost around USD 20,000 to USD 100,00. These intensive costs lead to a gradual shift towards cheap alternative cooling solutions. This could further lead to the slow adoption of advanced HVAC technologies during the forecast period in Kenya.

Kenya HVAC Market Trend:

Rising Inclination Towards Eco-Friendly Refrigerants Changing Market Dynamics – The market has experienced a considerable movement towards the utilization of eco-friendly refrigerants. This is because of the rising pressure on green products and sustainability due to growing concerns about the environment. It is gaining momentum with commercial developers opting for low-global-warming-potential refrigerants like R-32 and R-290 within shopping complexes & office spaces. This is due to increased adoption of green building regulations that further aid in corporate green reporting.

These alternatives are being presented by equipment suppliers and service providers in Kenya to replace traditional refrigerants such as R-22 due to the increasing trend. For example, LG presented its new HVAC technologies in November 2024 that operate with environment-friendly refrigerants. This will keep generating new opportunities in the forecast period and enable the market players to take advantage of the increasing demand for sustainability, making it an important market trend.

Kenya HVAC Market (2025-2030): Segmentation Analysis

The Kenya HVAC Market study of MarkNtel Advisors evaluates & highlights the major trends and influencing factors in each segment. It includes predictions for the period 2025–2030 at the country level. Based on the analysis, the market has been further classified as:

By Implementation Type:

Construction
Retrofit

Out of them, the construction segment leads the Kenya HVAC Market with approx. 70% share of the total market value. The rapid expansion of infrastructure requires these systems for cooling solutions. The rising construction activities are now providing HVAC installation in the whole building to cater to the hot climate. Also, these activities have been accelerated by the government’s investment in affordable housing and urban planning. Moreover, the new installations offer better flexibility and lower long-term operational costs, as compared to retrofitting. Aligning with the national goals, these projects typically integrate energy-efficient and sustainable HVAC systems from the start. This has created more opportunities for the segment’s growth in the market.

By End User:

Commercial
Residential
Industrial
Healthcare
Airports
Logistics
Others

The commercial segment leads the market, with around 47% share of the total market. This is due to its unique operational requirements in high-occupancy environments like malls & hotels. Also, various offices are being built as per the global workplace standards through FDI investments that require these systems. Moreover, the need for climate control in mixed commercial spaces necessitates reliable and scalable HVAC infrastructure. Apart from this, the commercial sector has many projects compared to other sectors. This further creates a major requirement for these systems in the commercial sector. Hence, the sector will continue to dominate the market during the forecast period.

Kenya HVAC Industry Recent Development:

June 2024: LG Electronics plans to increase Technical HVAC Expertise in Kenya, which will run as a partnership with the University of Nairobi. The academy enhances the skill and knowledge base of local technicians, equipping them with the ability to ensure the optimal set-up and performance of the company’s advanced HVAC solutions, which is crucial in delivering the differentiated customer experiences LG is known for.
March 2024: Trane Technologies announces a completely new residential HVAC product portfolio globally, including Kenya. These are innovative design upgrades to its highly efficient heat pumps and air conditioners, including next-generation refrigerant with 78% less global warming potential (GWP).

Gain a Competitive Edge with Our Kenya HVAC Market Report

Kenya HVAC Market Report by MarkNtel Advisors provides a detailed & thorough analysis of market size, growth rate, competitive landscape, and key players. This comprehensive analysis helps business organizations to gain a holistic understanding of market dynamics & make informed decisions.
This report also highlights current market trends & future projections, allowing business organizations to identify emerging opportunities & potential challenges. By understanding market forecasts, companies can align their strategies & stay ahead of the competition.
Kenya HVAC Market Report aids in assessing & mitigating risks associated with entering or operating in the market. By understanding market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and potential challenges, business organizations can develop strategies to minimize risks & optimize their operations.

*Reports Delivery Format - Market research studies from MarkNtel Advisors are offered in PDF, Excel and PowerPoint formats. Within 24 hours of the payment being successfully received, the report will be sent to your email address.

Frequently Asked Questions

A. The Kenya HVAC Market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.82% over the forecast period.

A. The Kenya HVAC Market size was valued at around USD 148 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 219 million by 2030.

A. High requirement in the residential sector is expected to drive the Kenya HVAC Market during 2025-30.

A. Daikin, Trane, LG Electronics, Refnet Air Conditioning Ltd, Cool Kenya, Snow Desert (EA) Limited, Lean Ventures Ltd., Critical Cooling Systems Limited, Skyline Services Limited, Johnson Controls, and others are the top companies in the Kenya HVAC Market.

A. The construction segment held the largest share of the Kenya HVAC Market.

A. Rising inclination towards eco-friendly refrigerants is one of the key trends shaping the growth of the Kenya HVAC Market.

A. Adoption of solar power-based HVAC systems is one of the growth opportunities driving the Kenya HVAC Market.

A. High initial cost of deployment is one of the possible restraints affecting the growth of the Kenya HVAC Market.

Market Segmentation
Introduction
1. Product Definition
2. Research Process
3. Assumptions
Executive Summary
Kenya HVAC Market Regulations, Norms, & Product Standards
1. List of Regulatory Authorities
2. Product Standards & Benchmarks
3. Sustainability Norms
4. Export & Import Norms
  1. Tariffs & Duties Based on Source of Import and Export Destination
  2. Export & Import Mechanism & Legal Framework
  3. Regulatory Authorities Involved
  4. Norms Applicable for Product Distribution (Imports and Exports)
Local HVAC Manufacturing Ecosystem
1. Current Status of Local Manufacturing
  1. List of Local Manufacturers & Their Value Chains
  2. Manufacturer wise Annual Production & Future Production Targets
  3. Manufacturer wise Sales Channels & their Contribution in Revenues
2. Regulations Applicable to Local Manufacturers
  1. List of Regulatory Authorities Involved & Their Role
  2. Local Taxes and Approvals Required
  3. Local Content Requirements for Manufacturing
  4. Material Sourcing Norms & Guidelines
  5. Prohibitions, Fines, or Legal Mechanisms
  6. Regulations for Waste Management
  7. Others
Pipeline of HVAC Public and Private Projects and Contracts, By End Users
1. Commercial
2. Residential
3. Industrial
4. Healthcare
5. Airports
6. Logistics
7. Others
Kenya HVAC Market Imports, Exports Statistics
1. By Top 10 Sources of Imports
2. By Top 10 Destinations for Exports
Kenya HVAC Market Customer Expectations (HVAC Product Wise Customer Expectations)
1. Purchase Price Range
2. Performance & Reliability
3. Design & Aesthetics
4. Cultural Affinity or Bias
5. Features & Comfort
6. Brand Reputation
7. After Sales Services
8. Environmental Sustainability
Kenya HVAC Market Trends & Developments
Kenya HVAC Market Dynamics
1. Drivers
2. Challenges
Kenya HVAC Market Hotspots & Opportunities
Kenya HVAC Market Supply Chain Analysis
Kenya HVAC Market Value Chain & Stakeholder Margin Analysis
Kenya HVAC Market Outlook, 2019-2030F
1. Market Size & Analysis
  1. By Revenues (USD Million)
2. Market Share & Analysis
  1. By Equipment Type
    1. Cooling Equipment - Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      1. Unitary Air Conditioners- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      2. VRF Systems- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      3. Chillers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      4. Room Air Conditioners- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
        
        Window AC- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
        
        Split AC- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
        
        Floor Standing AC- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
        
        Cassette AC- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
        
        Packaged AC- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      5. Coolers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      6. Cooling Towers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    2. Heating Equipment- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      1. Heat Pumps- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      2. Furnaces- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      3. Unitary Heaters- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      4. Boilers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    3. Ventilation Equipment- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      1. Air-Handling Units- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      2. Air Filters- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      3. Dehumidifiers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      4. Ventilation Fans- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      5. Humidifiers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
      6. Air Purifiers- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
  2. By Implementation Type
    1. Construction- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    2. Retrofit- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
  3. By Demand Type
    1. OEM- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    2. Aftermarket- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
  4. By End User
    1. Commercial- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    2. Residential- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    3. Industrial- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    4. Healthcare- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    5. Airports- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    6. Logistics- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    7. Others- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
  5. By Sales Channel
    1. Direct Sales- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    2. Authorized Dealers & Distributors- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
    3. Online- Market Size & Forecast 2019-2030, USD Million
Kenya HVAC Market, Key Strategic Imperatives for Success & Growth
1. Sales and Distribution Models- effective strategies for aftermarket support and local representation
2. Leveraging Local Schemes, SOPS, and International Trade Agreements for market penetration
3. Export Strategies to Regional Countries and International Markets
Market Competition Analysis- Market Split into
1. Type of Market Participants
  1. Local Manufacturers- Manufactures locally
  2. Importers & Suppliers- Imports Their Products from different countries
  3. Local Packagers- Imports Products from Different Countries, and then white label them to sell in the local markets
2. Competition Analysis
  1. List of All HVAC Players Their Company Profiles & Other Market Details
    1. Daikin
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    2. Trane
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    3. LG Electronics
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    4. Refnet Air Conditioning Ltd
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    5. Cool Kenya
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    6. Snow Desert (EA) Limited
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    7. Lean Ventures Ltd.
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    8. Critical Cooling Systems Limited
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    9. Skyline Services Limited
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
      12. Others
    10. Johnson Controls
      1. Product Range & Specification of Each Product
      2. Price Range of Each Product
      3. Technology Details
      4. Target End Users & Products Offered
      5. Sales Channel Details
      6. After-sale services details
      7. Client Satisfaction Level with Each HVAC Product
      8. Earnings from HVAC product sales
      9. Sale Strategies- Marketing Tactics, Social Media, Discounts, etc
      10. Future Plans
      11. Partners & Alliances in the Market
    11. Others
Disclaimer

MarkNtel Advisors follows a robust and iterative research methodology designed to ensure maximum accuracy and minimize deviation in market estimates and forecasts. Our approach combines both bottom-up and top-down techniques to effectively segment and quantify various aspects of the market. A consistent feature across all our research reports is data triangulation, which examines the market from three distinct perspectives to validate findings. Key components of our research process include:

1. Scope & Research Design At the outset, MarkNtel Advisors define the research objectives and formulate pertinent questions. This phase involves determining the type of research—qualitative or quantitative—and designing a methodology that outlines data collection methods, target demographics, and analytical tools. They also establish timelines and budgets to ensure the research aligns with client goals.

2. Sample Selection and Data Collection In this stage, the firm identifies the target audience and determines the appropriate sample size to ensure representativeness. They employ various sampling methods, such as random or stratified sampling, based on the research objectives. Data collection is carried out using tools like surveys, interviews, and observations, ensuring the gathered data is reliable and relevant.

3. Data Analysis and Validation Once data is collected, MarkNtel Advisors undertake a rigorous analysis process. This includes cleaning the data to remove inconsistencies, employing statistical software for quantitative analysis, and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Validation steps are taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings, minimizing biases and errors.

4. Data Forecast and FinalizationThe final phase involves forecasting future market trends based on the analyzed data. MarkNtel Advisors utilize predictive modeling and time series analysis to anticipate market behaviors. The insights are then compiled into comprehensive reports, featuring visual aids like charts and graphs, and include strategic recommendations to inform client decision-making

Flexible Licensing Options

We offer flexible licensing options to cater to varying organizational needs. Choose the pricing pack that best suits your requirements:

Buy Now

Inquire Before Buying